Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
0 answers
AzurePolicyforLinux not updating VM, also won't uninstall extension, vmassist flags nothing
I have a RedHat 9 VM that was being routinely updated using Azure maintenance configuration. The updates stopped working without errors being indicated. The AzurePolicyforLinux VM extension reports as 'Transitioning' when I list the extensions in the…
Azure Virtual Machines
asked 2026-05-07T09:29:23.88+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(297.6, 80%, 38%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EGS%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Gary Spencer
20
Reputation points
commented 2026-05-16T01:20:18.0333333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(249.60000000000002, 21%, 34%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EMD%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Manish Deshpande
6,175
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
1 answer
Azure WS2022 Virtual Machine: Unable to complete SMB transfers due to dup ack storm / connection resets
Windows Server 2022 VMs running under multiple subscriptions are unable to complete SMB transfers over 15GB. These file transfers are occurring over express route IPs from several different on-prem file shares. On the Azure VMs, we have tried…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-08T16:07:55.0233333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(192, 38%, 28%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EJB%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Justin Bakelaar (Protiviti Inc)
0
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
commented 2026-05-16T00:07:33.0566667+00:00
Manish Deshpande
6,175
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
1 answer
Cannot resize or delete an Azure VM that has more network interfaces than the current "Size" supports
We have an Azure Ds3v2 VM to which an admin added three network adaptors. We now cannot remove the third network adaptor, resize the VM, or delete the VM. We receive the following error any time we attempt any change: 'The number of network interfaces…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-14T16:14:08.73+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(243.2, 91%, 33%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EBB%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Brandon Breymeier
0
Reputation points
answered 2026-05-15T23:03:18.4633333+00:00
kagiyama yutaka
2,590
Reputation points
1 answer
Possible keyboard mapping bug in Windows Server 2025 Datacenter: Azure Edition VM (UK keyboard layout via RDP)
Hello, I’m seeing what appears to be a keyboard mapping issue on an Azure VM running Windows Server 2025 Datacenter: Azure Edition. Wondering if others also facing the same issue and have any fix. Environment : Azure VM OS: Windows Server 2025…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-15T17:36:46.7966667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(294.40000000000003, 2%, 38%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ENG%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
NITIN GUPTA
1
Reputation point
answered 2026-05-15T17:37:06.1033333+00:00
Q&A Assist
2 answers
The core count limit for family standardMSFamily in the location uksouth was reached. Maximum limit: 0. Attempted: 8.
I have replicated a physical server to Azure successfully but get the above when I perform a test failover. Please help.
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-12T15:27:45.55+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(124.80000000000001, 2%, 22%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EAJ%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Adrian Jordan
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-05-15T17:19:17.25+00:00
TP
156.6K
Reputation points
Volunteer Moderator
0 answers
Azure - Upgrade to Trusted Launch - cannot remote desktop to VM
I have followed this guide on a Azure VM: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-gb/azure/virtual-machines/trusted-launch-existing-vm-gen-1?tabs=windows%2Cportal And successfully ran: MBR2GPT /validate /allowFullOS MBR2GPT /convert /allowFullOS When I try the…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-15T14:43:05.5266667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(284.8, 37%, 37%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ECJ%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Craig Jones
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-05-15T16:09:58.08+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(300.8, 8%, 39%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EHS%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Himanshu Shekhar
6,065
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
1 answer
cannot create an Ubuntu VM in all regions
Standard_B1s - 1 vcpu, 1 GiB memory ($7.59) (free services eligible) Unable to create, anyone to assist
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-13T16:50:01.69+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(144, 38%, 23%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EVR%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Valdo Ramakuela
0
Reputation points
answered 2026-05-15T14:35:36.91+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(51.2, 6%, 14%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EJH%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Jilakara Hemalatha
13,340
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
3 answers
How can we migrate a Azure Virtual Machine both Windows and Linux from one VNET to another in same subscription
Hello, We are in process of doing some migrations and want to know what would be the best way to migrate a Azure Virtual Machine both Windows and Linux from one VNET to another in same subscription and do we have any official documentations in place to…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-14T08:30:55.3+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(163.2, 43%, 25%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ESC%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Sahil Chaudhry
20
Reputation points
commented 2026-05-15T13:20:48.02+00:00
Himanshu Shekhar
6,065
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
0 answers
VM Fails to Deallocate or Reboot, unable to connect or access webapp
On 13 May 2026, my Azure virtual machine experienced a critical service disruption resulting in loss of remote connectivity and web application availability. The VM became inaccessible via standard management methods, including SSH and hosted web…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-13T14:16:52.4033333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(153.6, 99%, 24%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EAW%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Addison W. English, C/2d Lt SER FLWG GP4/DCA
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-05-15T09:57:15.4566667+00:00
Jilakara Hemalatha
13,340
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
Azure VM host recovery reboot in production – notification and handling clarification
We recently observed an Azure VM reboot caused by a host/platform issue where Azure diagnostics mentioned that the host OS became unresponsive and the VM was restored after host reboot. Wanted clarification from the community on the following: For such…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-12T07:05:53.1266667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(172.8, 48%, 26%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EAC%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Archana Chandran
0
Reputation points
edited a comment 2026-05-15T03:40:50.31+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(262.40000000000003, 96%, 35%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EAY%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Ankit Yadav
14,345
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
1 answer
Azure domain controller lost connection with local domain controller
Azure domain controller lost connection with local domain controller Our Azure Domain controller lost connection with only 1 sites domain controller, 3 other site connect fine
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-14T18:04:34.98+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(131.20000000000002, 25%, 22%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EJO%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
James Ogar Admin
0
Reputation points
edited a comment 2026-05-15T01:19:56.5266667+00:00
Manish Deshpande
6,175
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
Azure for Students - Cannot create B1s VM, quota error in all regions
I have an Azure for Students subscription with $100 credit. When I try to create a Windows B1s virtual machine, I get a quota error in every region I try (France Central, West Europe, West US, East US). The error says my subscription does not support VM…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-14T19:03:30.8+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(214.4, 26%, 30%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ENV%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Natanael VERTFRAIN
0
Reputation points
answered 2026-05-14T19:55:16.8833333+00:00
TP
156.6K
Reputation points
Volunteer Moderator
0 answers
VM creation/deployment fails
VM deployment fails with SkuNotAvailable. D-series SKUs appear restricted for this subscription. Need 4 vCPU / 16 GB VM. Example img:
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-08T15:27:28.3333333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(51.2, 78%, 14%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EDS%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Dan Sirbu
5
Reputation points Microsoft Employee
commented 2026-05-14T13:17:27.3466667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(227.2, 94%, 32%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EKS%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Karnam Shrivasta
0
Reputation points
1 answer
AZURE WHM Password
I have a VM that runs Ubuntu with a WHM/Cpanel image installed. Everything has been going well, but the WHM root password has changed somehow and I can't find how I can change it. Everthing I try doesn't have an effect I have Changed the SSH password …
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-11T01:43:38.0666667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(236.8, 91%, 32%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EWL%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Wayne Lawson
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-05-14T08:48:27.56+00:00
Ankit Yadav
14,345
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
1 answer
after resizing a virtual machine I cannot connect via ssh
after resizing a virtual machine I cannot connect via ssh. I can connect via the serial console. I have tried a number of steps including redeploying and re-applying, reverting back to the old size, double checking nsg rules, opening up nsg rules…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-06T16:17:17.5466667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(230.39999999999998, 51%, 32%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ETT%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Tucker Thames
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-05-14T00:43:30.2466667+00:00
Manish Deshpande
6,175
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
1 answer
Unable to deploy a cloud hosted environment in LCS
The current subscription does not allow the VM SKUs [Standard_D13_v2], either because they don't exist in the current region or because of the restriction codes [NotAvailableForSubscription;NotAvailableForSubscription]. Please open a ticket with Azure…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-13T14:32:46.7633333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(265.6, 37%, 35%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EMK%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Manikanta Kumar
0
Reputation points
answered 2026-05-13T16:09:07.6266667+00:00
Jilakara Hemalatha
13,340
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
3 answers
Azure B-Series VM size not available
B-series (such as Standard_B1ms, Standard_B2s, etc.) are not appearing as available for a new non-profit subscription we help to manage in any region. I have checked 'Usage + Quotas' and I have available quota. Another Non-profit subscription managed by…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-09T22:38:58.93+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(204.8, 7.000000000000001%, 29%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EF%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
FerMac
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-05-13T09:05:46.7266667+00:00
Jilakara Hemalatha
13,340
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
1 answer
Azure for Startups Business verification rejected — request manual review for China sole proprietorship license
Hi Microsoft Azure for Startups team, My application for the $5,000 Azure startup credits was rejected because my business entity could not be verified. I used a China sole proprietorship business license, and I believe the automated verification may not…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-12T21:28:13.1633333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(246.4, 73%, 33%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EKP%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Ketong Pu
0
Reputation points
answered 2026-05-12T21:28:39.17+00:00
Q&A Assist
2 answers
One of the answers was accepted by the question author.
What happens to VMs running on the NVadsA10_v5 SKU with Nvidia Driver below 18.x after 15th May 2026
Hi Team, We have 100+ VMs running on the NVadsA10_v5 SKU at any given point. We had received comms saying that Azure will roll out critical platform updates that include a new NVIDIA GPU host driver, vGPU 20.x (R595.x). The NVIDIA vGPU 20.x driver is…
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-11T14:47:05.47+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(182.40000000000003, 88%, 27%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ERA%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Rince Antony
21
Reputation points
accepted 2026-05-12T09:30:15.1233333+00:00
Rince Antony
21
Reputation points
1 answer
VM is not booting bad system config info
Currrently my VM is not booting , It gives a blue screen with an error of Bad System Config Info
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
An Azure service that is used to provision Windows and Linux virtual machines.
10,104 questions
asked 2026-05-11T12:19:28.06+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(9.6, 28.999999999999996%, 10%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EBS%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Boitumelo Seomana
0
Reputation points
answered 2026-05-12T08:42:14.0666667+00:00
Jilakara Hemalatha
13,340
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator