A two-paragraph Supreme Court order is upending the lives of some 350,000 Venezuelan migrants who have been allowed to live and work in the U.S. with special legal protection from deportation. The court’s order Monday allows the Trump administration to strip Temporary Protected Status from the group of hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans as a legal case on the matter continues.

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The court’s order, with only one noted dissent, puts on hold a ruling from a federal judge in San Francisco that kept in place Temporary Protected Status for the Venezuelans that would have otherwise ...