Thanks for the details and screenshots!
Since the USB on your speakers is most likely just for power, the audio signal relies entirely on the 3.5mm jack and your Realtek onboard sound card.
Looking at your Realtek Audio Console settings, here is why I suspect the sound cut out:
- "Mute the rear output device, when a front headphone plugged in" is currently enabled.
- "Disable front panel jack detection" is turned ON, forcing Realtek to constantly act as if something is plugged into the front panel.
- When you plugged in your mic, Realtek registered it as a Headphone, which automatically muted the rear 3.5mm speaker output.
I suggest doing the following to fix this:
- Open Realtek Audio Console and go to "Device advanced settings".
- Turn OFF "Disable front panel jack detection".
- Under Playback Device, select "Make front and rear output devices playback two different audio streams simultaneously".
- Turn ON "Enable auto popup dialog, when device has been plugged in".
- Unplug your microphone, plug it back in, and when the prompt appears, select Microphone / Mic In (instead of Headphone).
Let me know if this brings the sound back!
Feel free to ask any questions you may have.